The Adi Kumbeswarar Temple dates back to the 9th century, originating during the Chola period, and has since been maintained by the Nayaks between the 15th and 17th centuries. The present masonry structure was built by the Chola dynasty, while later expansions, including the prominent additions, are attributed to the Vijayanagar rulers of the Thanjavur Nayaks in the 16th century.
One of the significant figures associated with the renovation of the temple was Govinda Dikshitar, who served as the Minister to three Nayaka rulers, including Raja Achuthappa Nayakkar of Thanjavur, from 1515 to 1636. Govinda Dikshitar oversaw the renovation of the temple, including the construction of the new Raja Gopuram, with the consecration ceremony taking place during the reign of Sevappa Nayakkar. An idol of Govinda Dikshitar and his wife Nagammal can still be found within the temple, commemorating his contributions.
Sthala Purana:
According to the Purana, during the time of the deluge (Pralaya), a sacred pot (Kumbam) containing nectar and the seeds of creation was prepared by Lord Brahma. The pot was decorated with a sacred thread, coconut, and mango leaves and placed on the peak of Mount Meru. As the floodwaters carried the pot away, it eventually reached Kumbakonam, where it tilted.
Lord Shiva, disguised as a hunter, aimed an arrow at the pot, causing its contents to spill out across various places. These materials became sacred sites, and today, shrines dedicated to Lord Shiva are found in those locations. The nectar from the pot settled at two places, one of which became the famous Mahamaham Tank. Out of the broken pieces of the pot, Lord Shiva created a Shivalingam, into which he entered. This Shivalingam is now enshrined in the Adi Kumbeswarar Temple, with the name "Adi Kumbeswarar" meaning "the one who entered the pot (Kumbam) long ago."
The Mahamaham Festival, one of the most important festivals dedicated to Lord Shiva, is celebrated every 12 years and attracts lakhs of devotees. The festival takes place when the moon aligns with the Maha Nakshatra, and Jupiter transitions into Simha Rasi (Leo), which happens every 13th year. It is believed that on this day, the Mahamaham Tank receives water from the Ganges and eight other holy rivers, and all deities are present at the tank for this sacred event.
In addition to Mahamaham, Lord Kumbeswarar is celebrated with numerous festivals throughout the year. The Maasi Festival (February-March) is a prominent event, celebrated for 10 days, during which the image of Lord Kumbeswarar is taken out in a grand procession.
Administration History :
The temple has a rich administration history characterised by significant contributions from various rulers and community leaders. During the Vijayanagara period, Achuthappa Nayak’s minister, Govinda Dheekshithar, played a crucial role in maintaining the temple’s tanks and vimanas, investing his wealth for its upkeep. The temple's administration saw the establishment of Raja Veda Padasala and other educational initiatives, reflecting a commitment to both spiritual and educational growth. Inscriptions from the Kandraditha and Vijayanagara periods provide insights into the temple's financial and operational aspects, including land grants for the temple's sustenance. Over the centuries, the temple has remained a focal point for religious activities, with priests from the Shaiva community conducting daily rituals. Today, it continues to thrive as a significant pilgrimage site, supported by community efforts and government initiatives aimed at preservation and enhancement.